Joseph R. Biden Jr., whose campaign had long struggled to raise money, zoomed past President Trump’s fund-raising machine in May for the first time, pulling in $80.8 million together with the Democratic National Committee, about 10 percent more than the $74 million that Mr. Trump raised with the Republican Party.
It was a reversal of fortunes for the former vice president and a testament both to his growing support among small donors — more than half his donors in May were new to the campaign — and the advantages of his first full month of fund-raising in concert with the D.N.C., in chunks of up to $620,000 per donor.
The $80.8 million that Mr. Biden raised was roughly one-third more than he raised in April, when Mr. Trump edged him slightly. The campaigns took in a total of nearly $155 million in May — about $5 million per day — in spite of a health and economic crisis that has put more than 40 million Americans out of work and sent unemployment claims soaring.
Tom Perez, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, said the party was raising big sums both from small donors online and with traditional big contributors. “Quite frankly, we’re hitting it in both ways,” he said in an interview.
Mr. Biden and the D.N.C. raised more than $34.4 million in online contributions in May through ActBlue, the Democrats’ main portal to process such contributions.
Mr. Trump still maintains a sizable cash-on-hand advantage over Mr. Biden and the Democrats, and his campaign is well on pace to surpass more than $1 billion raised in total this summer, having already collected $817 million.
Mr. Biden’s fund-raising surge coincides with a strengthening position in the polls, as he has opened up a lead not only in national surveys but in many of the key battleground states. In the last two months, Mr. Trump has been advertising on television in eight states, all of which he won in 2016. Mr. Biden’s campaign made its first television purchase of the general election on Friday.
Mr. Trump’s campaign committee spent more than twice as much as Mr. Biden’s in May, $24.5 million compared to $11.7 million. The vast majority of Mr. Trump’s spending, $19.8 million, went to a media-buying firm, American Made Media Consultants.
The main super PAC supporting Mr. Trump, America First Action, was outraised more than three to one in May by the largest pro-Biden super PAC, Priorities USA, $7.5 million to $2.4 million. Nearly all of the pro-Trump super PAC’s funds came from two donors who have served in the administration: $1 million from Linda E. McMahon, the former head of the Small Business Administration, and Woody Johnson, the ambassador to Britain. (America First Action still maintained a $10.3 million cash-on-hand advantage over Priorities USA.)
Priorities USA took in $2 million from James H. Simons, a New York hedge-fund billionaire, as well as $500,000 each from John Pritzker, who runs an investment firm in California, and David E. Shaw, a scientist who served as an adviser on science and technology to President Bill Clinton and President Barack Obama.
The campaigns disclosed their fund-raising to election authorities on Saturday evening just as Mr. Trump was headed to a rally in Tulsa, Okla., part of his effort to revive in-person campaign events. He also held a high-dollar fund-raiser at a private home in Dallas earlier this month.
The monthly filings with the Federal Election Commission do not include the full details of the committees which Mr. Biden and Mr. Trump operate jointly with the two political parties; those will be revealed in July.
With news that Mr. Biden’s fund-raising had outpaced the president’s for the first time, Republican officials sought to minimize the Democrats’ edge in May while touting what they called a Republican war chest of $265 million in cash. Mr. Biden’s campaign has not voluntarily disclosed his full cash figure.
“May was Biden’s first full month as the Democrat nominee, and with that brought advantages of higher fund-raising limits and the full weight of the Democrat Party,” the R.N.C. said in a statement on Saturday. “Biden was still unable to make a dent in the massive cash-on-hand advantages that the Trump campaign and R.N.C. enjoys."
Dick Wadhams, a veteran Colorado Republican strategist, said the coronavirus outbreak had had little bearing on big-dollar giving, including in down-ballot races. “The pandemic certainly has restricted the candidates’ ability to raise money at events,” he said, “but these major donors on both sides, they don’t need to go to an event and have a glass of wine to write checks to their candidate.”
Indeed, big-dollar contributions to super PACs were still strong in May, the new filings showed. For example, significant donations to the Senate Leadership Fund, a Republican-aligned super PAC, came from Bernard Marcus, a co-founder of Home Depot who gave $2 million, and Warren A. Stephens, an Arkansas businessman who contributed $1 million.
Mr. Wadhams called Mr. Trump’s fund-raising machine critical to boosting Republicans in competitive Senate races like the one in Colorado.
In that contest, Senator Cory Gardner, the Republican incumbent, was outraised in recent months by one of his Democratic challengers, former Gov. John Hickenlooper. Mr. Hickenlooper’s campaign has had recent stumbles yet received $3.7 million from April 1 to June 10 — $1.6 million more than Mr. Gardner raised. As of this month, however, Mr. Gardner still had roughly $3.4 million more in cash on hand than Mr. Hickenlooper did, thanks in large part to the Republican Party’s support.
“Cory Gardner is especially being helped by having an incumbent president who is raising a lot of money not only for his campaign but for the national Republican Party,” Mr. Wadhams said. But he also noted that a close affiliation with Mr. Trump was “a double-edged sword” in the face of recent polling that has suggested weakened support for the president.
In other key Senate contests, recent financial disclosures have indicated fund-raising energy behind Democrats who are challenging Republican incumbents.
In Georgia, where the Democrat Jon Ossoff is seeking to unseat Senator David Perdue, Mr. Ossoff raised roughly $200,000 more than Mr. Perdue from April 1 to May 20 — yet he reported cash stores of about $950,000, compared to Mr. Perdue’s $9.4 million.
In Iowa, Senator Joni Ernst was also narrowly outraised by her Democratic challenger, Theresa Greenfield, from April 1 to May 13, though Ms. Ernst, too, is sitting on roughly $2.2 million more than her opponent as of their last filings.
And in Kentucky, where Senator Mitch McConnell, the majority leader, is defending his seat, a Democratic challenger, Amy McGrath, reported raising $11.3 million from April 1 to June 3 — $4 million more than Mr. McConnell raised in that time. Ms. McGrath also reported having $19.3 million in cash on hand, roughly $4 million more than Mr. McConnell.
Ms. McGrath, however, is facing a tightening primary contest against another Democrat, Charles Booker, who raised just under half a million dollars in the period in question, according to filings, and recently reported about $285,000 in cash on hand. Kentucky Democrats will select their nominee on Tuesday.
Rachel Shorey and Kenneth P. Vogel contributed reporting.
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